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TRACEROUTE(8)             BSD System Manager's Manual            TRACEROUTE(8)

NAME
     traceroute -- print the route packets take to network host

SYNOPSIS
     traceroute [-adeFISdNnrvx] [-A as_server] [-f first_ttl] [-g gateway]
                [-i iface] [-M first_ttl] [-m max_ttl] [-P proto] [-p port]
                [-q nqueries] [-s src_addr] [-t tos] [-w waittime]
                [-z pausemsecs] host [packetsize]

DESCRIPTION
     The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware, con-
     nected together by gateways.  Tracking the route one's packets follow (or
     finding the miscreant gateway that's discarding your packets) can be dif-
     ficult.  traceroute utilizes the IP protocol `time to live' field and
     attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along
     the path to some host.

     The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP number.
     The default probe datagram length is 40 bytes, but this may be increased
     by specifying a packet size (in bytes) after the destination host name.

     Other options are:

     -a      Turn on AS# lookups for each hop encountered.

     -A as_server
             Turn  on  AS#  lookups  and  use the given server instead of the
             default.

     -d      Enable socket level debugging.

     -D      When an ICMP response to our probe datagram is received, print
             the differences between the transmitted packet and the packet
             quoted by the ICMP response.  A key showing the location of
             fields within the transmitted packet is printed, followed by the
             original packet in hex, followed by the quoted packet in hex.
             Bytes that are unchanged in the quoted packet are shown as under-
             scores.  Note, the IP checksum and the TTL of the quoted packet
             are not expected to match.  By default, only one probe per hop is
             sent with this option.

     -e      Firewall evasion mode.  Use fixed destination ports for UDP and
             TCP probes.  The destination port does NOT increment with each
             packet sent.

     -f first_ttl
             Set the initial time-to-live used in the first outgoing probe
             packet.

     -F      Set the "don't fragment" bit.

     -g gateway
             Specify a loose source route gateway (8 maximum).

     -i iface
             Specify a network interface to obtain the source IP address for
             outgoing probe packets. This is normally only useful on a multi-
             homed host. (See the -s flag for another way to do this.)

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IFCONFIG(8)               BSD System Manager's Manual              IFCONFIG(8)

NAME
     ifconfig -- configure network interface parameters

SYNOPSIS
     ifconfig [-L] [-m] [-r] interface [create] [address_family] [address
              [dest_address]] [parameters]
     ifconfig interface destroy
     ifconfig -a [-L] [-d] [-m] [-r] [-u] [-v] [address_family]
     ifconfig -l [-d] [-u] [address_family]
     ifconfig [-L] [-d] [-m] [-r] [-u] [-v] [-C]
     ifconfig interface vlan vlan-tag vlandev iface
     ifconfig interface -vlandev iface
     ifconfig interface bonddev iface
     ifconfig interface -bonddev iface
     ifconfig interface bondmode lacp | static

DESCRIPTION
     The ifconfig utility is used to assign an address to a network interface
     and/or configure network interface parameters.

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