Mouse under MS DOS

The internal commands reside in COMMAND.COM, which is loaded into memory at computer startup; they do not reside on the disk.
External commands are files located on the disk with .com, .exe, or .bat extensions. Both types of commands are executed from the MS-DOS prompt. They are located in the default DOS directory (e.g., C:\DOS).
Command Descriptions

ATTRIB Displays or modifies the attribute of files/directories: Read-only/archive/system or mask (hide)
Parameter:
• +r/-r: adds/removes the read-only attribute
• +a/-a: adds/removes the archive attribute
• +s/-s: adds/removes the system attribute
• +h/-h: adds/removes the hidden attribute
• /s: processes subdirectories
• /d: processes directories

Syntax:
attrib [+r|-r] [+a|-a] [+s|-s] [+h|-h] [drive:][path] filename [/s/d]
Type: External
DELTREE Deletes a directory along with all its subdirectories.
Parameter:
• /p: prompts for confirmation before deletion

Syntax:
deltree [drive:][path] /p
Type: External
FDISK Manages (creates and deletes) partitions on a hard disk.
Parameter
• /status: displays all disk information without launching fdisk.

Syntax:
fdisk /status
Type: External
MORE Reads the content of long files on the screen (page by page)
Parameter
• more < [file]: displays the first page of the file
• [command] [file] | more: same as previous

Syntax:
more < [drive:][path] filename
command | more
Type: External


UNFORMAT Restores a disk (or a partition table) erased by a FORMAT command.
Parameter
• /L: lists the files and subdirectories found by the command
• /test: indicates how unformat reconstructs data (without undoing the formatting)
• /p: sends messages to the printer connected to port LPT1

Syntax:
unformat [drive:]
Type: External

Specification: Cannot be used if the "/u" parameter was used during formatting.
UNDELETE Restores deleted files
Parameter
• /list: displays the list of deleted files that can be restored (but does not restore them). The displayed data depends on the parameter ([drive:][path]file) and the selected switches (/dt, /ds, or /dos).
• /all: Restores deleted files without prompting for confirmation, using the sentinel method /s if available, or the tracker method /t otherwise. If neither method is available, UNDELETE restores these files from the DOS directory, replacing the first missing character of the filename with a hash sign (#). If another file with the same name exists, this parameter attempts to find a unique name using, in order, the following characters: #%&0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ.
• /purge[drive]: Empties the contents of the directory /s. If no drive is specified, the command will search for this directory on the current drive.
• /dos: Recovers only files deleted by DOS, prompting for confirmation for each one. If a deletion tracking file exists, UNDELETE ignores it when this switch is specified.
• /dt: Recovers only files listed as deleted files, prompting for confirmation for each one.
• /ds: Recovers only files listed in the sentinel directory, prompting for confirmation for each one.
• /status: Indicates the current protection against deletion on the disks (Sentinel, Tracker)





• /load: Loads the undelete program into memory using the information defined in the UNDELETE.INI file. If this file does not exist, UNDELETE uses default values. Use this parameter (or the [/S[drive]] parameter) in the [AUTOEXEC.BAT] file to ensure it launches every time the PC starts
• /unload: Removes the undelete program from memory; it then becomes impossible to restore deleted files
• /s: Activates the sentinel method and loads it into memory in the UNDELETE program, which records data allowing recovery of deleted files from the specified drive, by default the current drive. When you specify the /S parameter, UNDELETE is loaded into memory using the information defined in the UNDELETE.INI file. Use this parameter (or the /LOAD parameter) in the [AUTOEXEC.BAT] file to ensure it launches every time the PC starts
• /t[drive][-entries]: Activates the tracker method and loads the UNDELETE program into memory, which records data allowing recovery of deleted files. The drive parameter, which is mandatory, designates the disk drive for which you want to keep track of deletions. The entries parameter, which is optional, specifies the maximum number of entries the deletion tracking file (PCTRACKR.DEL) can contain. Accepted values for this parameter are between 1 and 999, with the default value depending on the type of disk concerned. Below are, for disks of all sizes, the default number of entries and the size of the corresponding file:
Entry File size
360kb 25
720kb 50
1.2mb 7,514
1.44mb 7,514
20mb 10,118
32mb 20,236
>32mb 30,355

Syntax:
• undelete [[drive:][path]file] /DT|/DS|/DOS
• undelete [/LIST|/ALL|/PURGE[drive]|/STATUS|/LOAD|/UNLOAD |/S[drive]|/Tdrive[-entries]]
Type: External

WARNING: Recovering deleted files is not always possible with UNDELETE, especially if you have created or modified other files on the disk since their deletion. In case of unintentional file deletion, stop all operations and immediately run the UNDELETE command to recover it.
CD (CHDIR) Changes directory / calls the specified directory.
Parameter
• ..: goes back one directory (-1 in the directory tree)
• \ (backslash): To go directly to the root directory of the current drive from any subdirectory

Syntax:
CHDIR [drive:][path] or
CD [drive:][path]

Type: Internal
ERASE (DEL) Erase to delete. Deletes specified files in parameters. The DEL command can also be used
Parameter
• /p: Requests confirmation
Syntax:
ERASE [drive:][path]file /P or
DEL [drive:][path]file /P
Type: External
FORMAT Formats the disk of the specified drive so it can be used with an operating system for PC. The FORMAT command creates a new root directory and a file allocation table. It can also check for any bad sectors (corrupt) on the disk and delete all data it contains. For an operating system to use a new disk, it must be formatted using the FORMAT command.
Parameter
• /v:name: Specifies the volume label. This name, which identifies the disk, can be up to 11 characters long. If you forget to specify the /V parameter or the volume name, DOS prompts you to type it once formatting is complete. If you format multiple disks using FORMAT, they are all listed under the same volume name. The /v parameter is not compatible with the /8 switch.
• /q: Specifies a quick format of the disk. With this parameter, FORMAT removes the file allocation table and the root directory of an already formatted disk but does not check for any bad sectors (corrupt). This parameter should only be used for formatting disks that are already formatted and in good condition
• /u: Specifies unconditional formatting of a disk. This procedure deletes all data on the disk and prevents later undoing the formatting (using the [UNFORMAT] command). Use this parameter if read or write errors have occurred during the use of a disk.

• /f:size:
160, 160K 5.25-inch floppy disk, single-sided, double density, 160 KB
180, 180K 5.25-inch floppy disk, single-sided, double density, 180 KB
320, 320K 5.25-inch floppy disk, double-sided, double density, 320 KB
360, 360K 5.25-inch floppy disk, double-sided, double density, 360 KB
720, 720K 3.5-inch floppy disk, double-sided, double density, 720 KB
1200, 1.2 1200K, 1.2M 5.25-inch floppy disk, double-sided, quadruple density, 1.2 MB
1400, 1.44
1440K, 1.44M 3.5-inch floppy disk, double-sided, quadruple density, 1.44 MB (standard drives today)
2800, 2.88
2880K, 2.88m 3.5-inch floppy disk, double-sided, very high density, 2.88 MB
• /b: Releases space for system files (caches) IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS on a newly formatted disk.
• /s: Copies the system files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and [COMMAND.COM] from the boot drive (as the [SYS] command would) to a newly formatted disk that can be used as a system disk. If FORMAT does not find the system files, it prompts for a system disk to be inserted.
• /t:tracks: Specifies the number of tracks on the disk. It's better to use the /F parameter than the /T parameter, which must be combined with the /N parameter. Both allow specifying the capacity of the disk to format. The /F and /T parameters cannot be used simultaneously
• /n:sectors: Specifies the number of sectors per track. It's better to use the /F parameter than the /N parameter, which must be combined with /T. Both allow specifying the capacity of the disk to format. You cannot use the /F and /N parameters simultaneously.
• /c: checks for bad clusters
• /1: Formats only one side of the floppy disk.
• /4: Formats a 5.25-inch floppy disk, double-sided, double density, 360 KB in a 1.2 MB drive. Combined with the /1 parameter, the /4 parameter allows formatting 5.25-inch, single-sided, 180 KB disks.
• /8: Formats a 5.25-inch floppy disk by assigning 8 sectors per track, which ensures compatibility with DOS versions earlier than DOS 2.0.
Syntax:
FORMAT drive: [/V[:name]] /Q /U /F:size/B|/S /C
FORMAT drive: [/V[:name]] /Q /U /N:sectors /B|/S /C
FORMAT drive: [/V[:name]] /Q /U /1 /4 /B|/S /C
FORMAT drive: /Q /U /1 /4 /8 /B|/S /C
Type: External
MOVE Transfers and moves one or more files to the specified location. The MOVE command also allows renaming directories.
Parameter
• y/-y: Indicates that the MOVE command should replace existing files without prompting for confirmation. By default, if you specify an existing file as the destination file, the MOVE command asks whether you want to replace the existing file. If the MOVE command.

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