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9 réponses
tu le tape le texte a la main et ta la traduction et tu copier/coller ou tu veu
https://translate.google.com/
https://translate.google.com/
coq
pig
salut kaya
pour copier un texte depuis le papier sur ton ordinateur utulise un scanner et programme ocr qui lit les caractéres scanner.
pour la traduction je te conseillerais se site qui donne une liste des traducteurs automatiques.
http://www.translatonline.com/dictionnaire-francais-anglais.htm
bonne traduction ;)
pour copier un texte depuis le papier sur ton ordinateur utulise un scanner et programme ocr qui lit les caractéres scanner.
pour la traduction je te conseillerais se site qui donne une liste des traducteurs automatiques.
http://www.translatonline.com/dictionnaire-francais-anglais.htm
bonne traduction ;)
Special Forces Advisor Guide
Contents
Page
PREFACE .............................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1 SPECIAL FORCES AS ADVISORS.................................................................. 1-1
Roles of the Advisor............................................................................................ 1-1
Advisor Screening and Selection ....................................................................... 1-2
Special Forces Advisors in Unconventional Warfare.......................................... 1-2
Advisors in Foreign Internal Defense ................................................................. 1-2
Advisors in Coalition Warfare ............................................................................. 1-3
Special Forces and Interdependent Operations................................................. 1-3
Chapter 2 CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION................................................................. 2-1
The Importance of Culture.................................................................................. 2-1
The Definition of Culture..................................................................................... 2-1
The Concept of Culture ...................................................................................... 2-2
Culture and the Physical Environment ............................................................... 2-2
Cultural Regions................................................................................................. 2-3
Learned Behavior as a Component of Culture................................................... 2-8
Beliefs................................................................................................................. 2-8
Systems of Social Organization as an Element of Culture ............................. 2-10
Cultural Indoctrination ...................................................................................... 2-15
Cross-Cultural Communication ........................................................................ 2-26
Chapter 3 DEALING WITH COUNTERPARTS.................................................................. 3-1
Establishing Rapport .......................................................................................... 3-1
Policy and Relationships .................................................................................... 3-2
Conduct of Operations ....................................................................................... 3-4
Contents
ii TC 31-73 2 July 2008
Intelligence..........................................................................................................3-7
Human Rights and Misconduct...........................................................................3-8
Role Shock..........................................................................................................3-9
Chapter 4 CROSS-CULTURAL NEGOTIATIONS..............................................................4-1
Perceptions .........................................................................................................4-1
Individualism .......................................................................................................4-2
Conducting Cross-Cultural Negotiations ............................................................4-6
Chapter 5 JOINT AND INTERAGENCY ENVIRONMENTS...............................................5-1
Culture and the Operational Environment ..........................................................5-1
Joint Culture ........................................................................................................5-1
Service Component Culture................................................................................5-2
Interagency Operations and Environment ..........................................................5-5
U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs.....................................................................5-6
Embassy Organization and Function..................................................................5-9
Chapter 6 INFORMATION SUPERIORITY, INFORMATION ENGAGEMENT, AND MEDIA
RELATIONS .......................................................................................................6-1
Information Superiority........................................................................................6-1
Use of the Media.................................................................................................6-2
Communication With the Press ..........................................................................6-3
Advisor Interviews...............................................................................................6-3
Team Interviews..................................................................................................6-4
Responding to Misinformation ............................................................................6-4
Appendix A ADVISOR CHECKLISTS................................................................................... A-1
Execution ........................................................................................................... A-6
Ongoing Activities ............................................................................................ A-10
Appendix B CULTURAL CHECKLISTS ............................................................................... B-1
Appendix C WORKING WITH TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS............................. C-1
Appendix D NONGOVERNMENTAL AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS... D-1
Means, Methods, Organization, and Philosophy ............................................... D-1
United Nations Agencies and Other International Organizations ...................... D-1
Private Nongovernmental Organizations........................................................... D-2
GLOSSARY............................................................................................ Glossary- 1
REFERENCES.................................................................................... References- 1
INDEX ........................................................................................................... Index- 1
Figures
Figure 2-1. Culture analysis--North America and Europe
(including Australia and New Zealand) .............................................................. 2-4
Figure 2-2. Culture analysis--South America and Central America
(to include Mexico) ............................................................................................. 2-5
Figure 2-3. Culture analysis--Sub-Saharan Africa................................................................ 2-5
Contents
2 July 2008 TC 31-73 iii
Figure 2-4. Culture analysis--North Africa and Southwest Asia............................................2-6
Figure 2-5. Culture analysis--Russia and the Independent Republics .................................2-6
Figure 2-6. Culture analysis--Pacific Rim..............................................................................2-7
Figure 2-7. Culture analysis--Oceania ..................................................................................2-7
Figure 2-8. Twenty basic American values or qualities..........................................................2-9
Figure 2-9. Religious area study recommended topics........................................................2-14
Figure 2-10. Cultural training recommendation....................................................................2-17
Figure 2-11. Stages of culture shock....................................................................................2-23
Figure 2-12. Interpersonal distance......................................................................................2-31
Figure 3-1. Advisor-counterpart interaction guidelines ..........................................................3-3
Figure 3-2. Personality types................................................................................................3-12
Figure 4-1. Individuality ..........................................................................................................4-3
Figure 4-2. Punctuality............................................................................................................4-4
Figure 4-3. Pace.....................................................................................................................4-5
Figure B-1. Cultural analysis questionnaire ...........................................................................B-1
Figure B-2. Counterinsurgency questionnaire........................................................................B-4
Tables
Table 2-1. Example of activities associated with different parts of society ............................2-8
Contents
Page
PREFACE .............................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1 SPECIAL FORCES AS ADVISORS.................................................................. 1-1
Roles of the Advisor............................................................................................ 1-1
Advisor Screening and Selection ....................................................................... 1-2
Special Forces Advisors in Unconventional Warfare.......................................... 1-2
Advisors in Foreign Internal Defense ................................................................. 1-2
Advisors in Coalition Warfare ............................................................................. 1-3
Special Forces and Interdependent Operations................................................. 1-3
Chapter 2 CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION................................................................. 2-1
The Importance of Culture.................................................................................. 2-1
The Definition of Culture..................................................................................... 2-1
The Concept of Culture ...................................................................................... 2-2
Culture and the Physical Environment ............................................................... 2-2
Cultural Regions................................................................................................. 2-3
Learned Behavior as a Component of Culture................................................... 2-8
Beliefs................................................................................................................. 2-8
Systems of Social Organization as an Element of Culture ............................. 2-10
Cultural Indoctrination ...................................................................................... 2-15
Cross-Cultural Communication ........................................................................ 2-26
Chapter 3 DEALING WITH COUNTERPARTS.................................................................. 3-1
Establishing Rapport .......................................................................................... 3-1
Policy and Relationships .................................................................................... 3-2
Conduct of Operations ....................................................................................... 3-4
Contents
ii TC 31-73 2 July 2008
Intelligence..........................................................................................................3-7
Human Rights and Misconduct...........................................................................3-8
Role Shock..........................................................................................................3-9
Chapter 4 CROSS-CULTURAL NEGOTIATIONS..............................................................4-1
Perceptions .........................................................................................................4-1
Individualism .......................................................................................................4-2
Conducting Cross-Cultural Negotiations ............................................................4-6
Chapter 5 JOINT AND INTERAGENCY ENVIRONMENTS...............................................5-1
Culture and the Operational Environment ..........................................................5-1
Joint Culture ........................................................................................................5-1
Service Component Culture................................................................................5-2
Interagency Operations and Environment ..........................................................5-5
U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs.....................................................................5-6
Embassy Organization and Function..................................................................5-9
Chapter 6 INFORMATION SUPERIORITY, INFORMATION ENGAGEMENT, AND MEDIA
RELATIONS .......................................................................................................6-1
Information Superiority........................................................................................6-1
Use of the Media.................................................................................................6-2
Communication With the Press ..........................................................................6-3
Advisor Interviews...............................................................................................6-3
Team Interviews..................................................................................................6-4
Responding to Misinformation ............................................................................6-4
Appendix A ADVISOR CHECKLISTS................................................................................... A-1
Execution ........................................................................................................... A-6
Ongoing Activities ............................................................................................ A-10
Appendix B CULTURAL CHECKLISTS ............................................................................... B-1
Appendix C WORKING WITH TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS............................. C-1
Appendix D NONGOVERNMENTAL AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS... D-1
Means, Methods, Organization, and Philosophy ............................................... D-1
United Nations Agencies and Other International Organizations ...................... D-1
Private Nongovernmental Organizations........................................................... D-2
GLOSSARY............................................................................................ Glossary- 1
REFERENCES.................................................................................... References- 1
INDEX ........................................................................................................... Index- 1
Figures
Figure 2-1. Culture analysis--North America and Europe
(including Australia and New Zealand) .............................................................. 2-4
Figure 2-2. Culture analysis--South America and Central America
(to include Mexico) ............................................................................................. 2-5
Figure 2-3. Culture analysis--Sub-Saharan Africa................................................................ 2-5
Contents
2 July 2008 TC 31-73 iii
Figure 2-4. Culture analysis--North Africa and Southwest Asia............................................2-6
Figure 2-5. Culture analysis--Russia and the Independent Republics .................................2-6
Figure 2-6. Culture analysis--Pacific Rim..............................................................................2-7
Figure 2-7. Culture analysis--Oceania ..................................................................................2-7
Figure 2-8. Twenty basic American values or qualities..........................................................2-9
Figure 2-9. Religious area study recommended topics........................................................2-14
Figure 2-10. Cultural training recommendation....................................................................2-17
Figure 2-11. Stages of culture shock....................................................................................2-23
Figure 2-12. Interpersonal distance......................................................................................2-31
Figure 3-1. Advisor-counterpart interaction guidelines ..........................................................3-3
Figure 3-2. Personality types................................................................................................3-12
Figure 4-1. Individuality ..........................................................................................................4-3
Figure 4-2. Punctuality............................................................................................................4-4
Figure 4-3. Pace.....................................................................................................................4-5
Figure B-1. Cultural analysis questionnaire ...........................................................................B-1
Figure B-2. Counterinsurgency questionnaire........................................................................B-4
Tables
Table 2-1. Example of activities associated with different parts of society ............................2-8
bonjour kaya
pour la traduction il y a le site lexilogos traduction en ligne gratuite
tu passe par google tu tape lexilogos pour la recherche ensuite tu verra c'est marquer
traduction en ligne lexilogos francais anglais allemand tu clik sur ce lien et le tour est joué
pour la traduction il y a le site lexilogos traduction en ligne gratuite
tu passe par google tu tape lexilogos pour la recherche ensuite tu verra c'est marquer
traduction en ligne lexilogos francais anglais allemand tu clik sur ce lien et le tour est joué
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j'écris cette paragraphe pour donne des recherches sur tunisien et par exemple hammamet .
hammam et
une ville tunisienne situe sur le cote sud et de cap bon a une soixantaine de kilométrés au sud de Tunis .
cette complexe est compose d'une cinquantaine d'hôtels de restaurant d'un port de plaisance d'un parc d'attraction et même de la reconstitution d'une médina donc je conseil de le visite pendant cette vacance .
hammam et
une ville tunisienne situe sur le cote sud et de cap bon a une soixantaine de kilométrés au sud de Tunis .
cette complexe est compose d'une cinquantaine d'hôtels de restaurant d'un port de plaisance d'un parc d'attraction et même de la reconstitution d'une médina donc je conseil de le visite pendant cette vacance .
